Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Leakage is a rare but grave condition that needs meticulous and well-timed intervention. Autologous materials, such as temporalis fascia, temporalis muscle, fascia lata, cortical bone, cartilage, and fat, are widely available. We have presented a simple and effective method for the Management of the small to moderate (up to 15mm) dural defects occurring during the surgeries of the skull base. We have used a free muscle graft in a sand clock fashion (dumbbell-shaped) through the defect. This procedure enables the surgeon to close the defect and cease the leak even in the anatomically difficult areas, which are not uncommon when the surgical operation is on the skull base.

Paravalvular Leakage following surgical valve replacement is one of the major complications that have long-term morbidity. The gold standard of treatment was surgery in most literature, but transcatheter procedures showed promising results. We aim to show successful transapical transcatheter paravalvular Leakage closure and complication Management in the hands of expertise.

Resin-based composite restorative materials have a substantial share in dental treatments. Their esthetic has made them patients’ first choice as restorative materials. Marginal Leakage is one of their problems which leads to recurrent caries and post-operative hypersensitivity. Our aim was to evaluate the theoretical and clinical methods that have been proposed in the dental literature. Around 50 articles from Pubmed, SCOPUS and google scholar were selected and categorized in 4 groups based on the selected keywords. All the studies discussed in this paper have emphasized that there is no way to eliminate the microLeakage but it can be reduced by means of some approaches. On the other hand, due to the multifactorial nature and difference of oral environment and laboratory conditions, there isn’ t any certain way to define precisely. It seems that there is an absolute need for more research in this field to make the relation of theoretical results and clinical findings possible.

Background & Aim: Posttraumtic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Leakage frequently results from skull base fractures. Risk of meningitis increases with prolonged CSF Leakage prophylactic. Antibiotic prophylaxis in these cases is contraversial. Materials & Methods: In this retrospective study; among 1670 head trauma cases, 108 patients evaluated whom afflicted by posttraumatic CSF Leakage, and admitted in neurosurgery ward of Tabriz Imam Khomeini hospital, from 1376-1380. Forty seven patients had rhinorrhea and 61 had otorrhea. Results: Incidence of meningitis in patients with rhinorrhea (2918%) was significartly higher than patients with otorrhea(9.8%) (P=0.0047). The incidence of meningitis was higher significantly, when rhinorrhea or otorrhea continued for more than 7 days (P=0.0001). Prophylactic antibiotic didn't cause significant difference in occurance of meningitis in both groups of rhinorrhea and otorrhea (P>0.05). In group without antibiotic prophylaxis, streptococcus pneumonia was the most common cause of meningitis (90 %). Conclusion: CSF Leakage often ceases with conservative Management. Prolonged CSF Leakage associates with high rate of meningitis. Prophylactic antbiotic hasn't significant effect for prevention. Early diagnosis and treatment of CSF Leakage are important factors in prevention of meningitis and its morbidides.

1. Introduction: Control of water Leakage in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is important to save drinking water consumption. Pressure Management is one of the solutions that directly affected the water Leakage and reliability of the WDNs. The Leakage rate depended on the nodal pressure, high-pressure increases the Leakage rate and failure in the network, and low pressure decreases water supply reliability in WDNs. However, it is necessary to be preserved sufficient pressure throughout the network to ensure that consumer demands are fully provided at all times. Pressure Management is one of the effective and cheapest methods for Leakage reduction and reliability addition in WDNs. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology based on maximizing the network reliability by applying an optimized scheduling program for setting flow control valves (FCVs) and pumps at different times of the day, leading to pressure Management and Leakage reduction in the networks. For this purpose, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to find the optimal setting of FCVs and pumps. The aim of the optimization algorithm is to maximize the network reliability of the WDN. For this purpose, the network pressure reliability index (NPRI) is used which is proposed by Dini and Tabesh (2017). Also, to determine the optimal location of the valves, the valve selection index (SI) is used which is proposed by Ali (2015). The methodology is verified by an example network (Jowitt and Xu, 1990). Also, it is applied to an example network and Ahar WDN. . .

Operational and investment costs increase due to aging of the network, increasing the failure rate, Leakage and the water demand, new investments and energy consumption. Several methods and tools with different initial investment and operating costs are proposed for reducing water losses in the related literature. The aim of this study is to make detailed evaluations within the framework of economic components for effective and sustainable water loss Management and provide a reference for further studies. The most important advantage is that there has not been a detailed assessment and discussion in this context within the framework of economic analysis and the economic Leakage level. The methods and tools for reducing the water losses such as district metered areas, passive Leakage control, active Leakage control, pressure Management, pipe Management and network renewal methods, were evaluated economically and discussed. The most important issues in water loss Management are the definition of the economic Leakage level and the cost components that are the maintenance and break repair, methods applied to detect and control the leaks and automation systems for monitoring, control and data transfer. Moreover, the priority, suitability, applicability and economic impact of the methods should be considered to decide the methods for more efficient use of resources.

In the critical review of the book “Ethics of Management” written by Tomas Klikavar (2010), the present article has paid attention to the general approach of the author, the conceptual tools used, and the way of reasoning. According to the author, Management, especially business Management, due to the importance it attaches to the survival of the organization, has placed its fundamental principle on increasing benefit and earning profit, therefore, morality is not its fundamental issue, and it can even commit immorality in some cases, according to the necessity of tendencies and dispositions . As a theoretician of Management ethics, from a historical point of view, the author has tried to show that business Management has always been associated with unethical experiences, an experience that has continued until the present day as a kind of modern slavery. He believes that Management ethics as an inter-discipline, which is considered a branch of Management knowledge in terms of its subject, must be more intertwined with philosophy in practice. Finally, although the author has been able to show the inherent contradiction of Management, especially business Management, with ethics and provide a solution based on this, the fact that the author has succeeded in presenting a different theory in the field of “Management ethics” is a matter of doubt and reflection.